偉大頭腦No.54
Bill Gates&Jonathan Haidt
喬納森·海特與比爾·蓋茨的世紀(jì)對話：當(dāng)“焦慮一代”遇見“數(shù)字先知”——關(guān)于技術(shù)、童年與人類未來的深度碰撞。
3個月前，蓋茨公布了自己最新年度書單。思想家、心理學(xué)家海特的新書《焦慮的一代》The Anxious Generation赫然在列。蓋茨的大女兒向他推薦了這本書，他很喜歡這本書，并專門為這本書寫了推薦序（下滑可查看原文）。
書中呈現(xiàn)了一組令人震驚的數(shù)據(jù)對比：2010年前后，隨著智能手機(jī)和社交媒體的普及，美國青少年的心理健康指標(biāo)出現(xiàn)斷崖式下跌：
>10-14歲女孩自殺率10年間激增131%；
>青少年重度抑郁癥發(fā)病率增長145%；
>自殘行為發(fā)生率上升189%。
"這不是自然演變，而是一場人為制造的災(zāi)難。"海特指出，2010-2015年這五年間，人類童年經(jīng)歷了史上最劇烈的轉(zhuǎn)型——從"玩耍式童年"轉(zhuǎn)向"手機(jī)式童年"。
海特在書中指出，“我們在現(xiàn)實中對孩子過度保護(hù)，卻在社交媒體放任他們裸奔”。孩子們在短視頻里學(xué)習(xí)戀愛，在美顏濾鏡中認(rèn)知自我，在點贊數(shù)里衡量價值……
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被屏幕“撫養(yǎng)”長大的“完全數(shù)碼一代”（1995年及以后出生的孩子），成為了最焦慮的一代。技術(shù)帶來集體困境——我們與手機(jī)的關(guān)系過度親密。
《焦慮的一代》一經(jīng)出版就榮登《紐約時報》暢銷榜No.1、亞馬遜家教類圖書Top1，榮獲Goodreads年度最佳非虛構(gòu)獎，被評為《泰晤士報》《經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)人》《金融時報》年度最佳圖書。
本期[偉大頭腦]，蓋茨與海特將開啟一場對談。
他們會聊到蓋茨閱讀這本書的感悟，會聊到他們在生活中的體認(rèn)，以及他們觀察到的“數(shù)碼一代”的社會生存現(xiàn)狀，當(dāng)然還有他們的憂慮與倡導(dǎo)……
是先教育孩子，還是先教育自己？閱讀《焦慮的一代》，是一場重新認(rèn)識自我、重建生活秩序的起點。
選擇你和手機(jī)的關(guān)系，就是選擇成為什么樣的人。
這本書，是我寫給數(shù)字時代的“診斷書”。十年前，當(dāng)孩子們開始用拇指滑動屏幕而非在泥地里奔跑時，我就意識到——我們正在經(jīng)歷一場史無前例的“童年大重置”Great Rewiring。
數(shù)據(jù)顯示，2010年后青少年自殺率激增131%，自殘行為上升189%，而這一切與智能手機(jī)的普及曲線驚人重合。
我寫它，不是為批判科技，而是想喚醒一個共識：我們發(fā)明了連接世界的工具，卻可能因此失去一代人的心理健康。
三個月前，我讀完這本書后徹夜難眠。海特戳中了一個殘酷真相——今天的父母在現(xiàn)實世界過度保護(hù)孩子，卻在數(shù)字世界放任他們“裸奔”。
這讓我想起自己的童年：13歲和保羅·艾倫住在電廠編程，父母甚至不知道我?guī)c回家。那些“失控”的冒險，教會我的遠(yuǎn)比教科書更多。而現(xiàn)在，孩子們連“無聊”的權(quán)利都被算法剝奪了。
這正是我們對話的起點。你的年度書單推薦讓《焦慮的一代》登上全球熱搜，但也引來硅谷CEO們的怒火——有人說我砸了他們的“多巴胺經(jīng)濟(jì)”。
可數(shù)據(jù)不會說謊：青少年日均屏幕娛樂6-8小時，前額葉皮質(zhì)發(fā)育被干擾，深度思考能力退化到金魚水平（專注力僅8秒）。我們究竟在創(chuàng)造怎樣的一代人？
90年代我的“思考周”里，只有書籍、論文和胡德運(yùn)河的風(fēng)聲。如果當(dāng)時有TikTok，微軟或許永遠(yuǎn)不會誕生。
你的書讓我后怕：當(dāng)每個“兔子洞”都被推送填滿，人類還會保留探索未知的本能嗎？
神經(jīng)研究證明，默認(rèn)模式網(wǎng)絡(luò)（大腦離線狀態(tài)）是創(chuàng)造力的源泉，而它正被24小時在線摧毀。更可怕的是雙重危機(jī)——
現(xiàn)實過度保護(hù)：游樂場滑梯被消毒，冒險精神遭閹割； 數(shù)字監(jiān)管真空：算法像可卡因一樣劫持青少年大腦，硅谷工程師親口承認(rèn)APP設(shè)計參考成癮機(jī)制。
我的兒科醫(yī)生女兒說，她接診的厭食癥少女都在模仿Instagram的“大腿間隙挑戰(zhàn)”。而男孩們呢？在《堡壘之夜》組隊廝殺，現(xiàn)實社交卻成了啞巴——這不僅是心理危機(jī)，人類認(rèn)知能力的集體退化。
或許微軟該開發(fā)“數(shù)字?jǐn)嗍场毕到y(tǒng)——連續(xù)深度工作2小時，自動解鎖戶外導(dǎo)航圖？但真正的變革需要政策杠桿：比如對青少年社交媒體的年齡驗證，不能靠家長孤軍奮戰(zhàn)。
這本書最想傳遞的不是恐懼，而是希望。當(dāng)我們意識到問題，改變就已開始——就像你的“思考周”，本質(zhì)是一場對抗分心時代的儀式。
AI正在取代醫(yī)生和教師，但人類獨(dú)有的“意義智能”無法被編碼——那是泥地里的傷疤、深夜的哲學(xué)追問、還有犯錯的權(quán)利?；蛟S，我們該把《焦慮的一代》放進(jìn)每個科技公司的倫理委員會，讓它成為數(shù)字文明的“剎車片”。
蓋茨的《焦慮的一代》閱讀筆記
Growing up, I was always going down rabbit holes to explore whatever caught my interest or captured my curiosity. When I felt restless or bored—or got in trouble for misbehaving—I would disappear into my room and lose myself in books or ideas, often for hours without interruption. This ability to turn idle time into deep thinking and learning became a fundamental part of who I am.
小時候，我總喜歡鉆進(jìn)各種“兔子洞”，探索任何引起我興趣或激發(fā)我好奇心的東西。當(dāng)我感到不安、無聊，或因為調(diào)皮搗蛋惹上麻煩時，我就會躲進(jìn)房間，沉浸在書籍或奇思妙想中，常常連續(xù)幾個小時不受打擾。這種將閑暇轉(zhuǎn)化為深度思考與學(xué)習(xí)的能力，成為了我性格的核心部分。
It was also crucial to my success later on. At Microsoft in the ’90s, I began taking an annual “Think Week,” when I would isolate myself in a cabin on Washington’s Hood Canal with nothing but a big bag of books and technical papers. For seven days straight, I would read, think, and write about the future, interacting only with the person who dropped off meals for me. I was so committed to uninterrupted concentration during these weeks that I wouldn’t even check my email.
這種習(xí)慣對我后來的成功也至關(guān)重要。上世紀(jì)90年代在微軟工作時，我開始每年進(jìn)行一次“思考周”——我會帶著一大袋書籍和技術(shù)論文，獨(dú)自躲進(jìn)華盛頓胡德運(yùn)河邊的小木屋。整整七天，我只閱讀、思考和撰寫關(guān)于未來的文章，唯一接觸的人就是給我送餐的人。那段時間里，我如此專注于不受干擾的思考，甚至連電子郵件都不查看。
Reading Jonathan Haidt’s The Anxious Generation has made me wonder: Would I have developed this habit if I had grown up with today’s technology? If every time I was alone in my room as a kid, there was a distracting app I could scroll through? If every time I sat down to tackle a programming problem as a teenager, four new messages popped up? I don’t have the answers—but these are questions that everyone who cares about how young minds develop should be asking.
閱讀喬納森·海特的《焦慮的一代》時，我不禁自問：如果我成長在當(dāng)今這個科技時代，還能培養(yǎng)出這樣的習(xí)慣嗎？如果小時候每次獨(dú)處時，都有讓人分心的應(yīng)用程序可以刷？如果十幾歲坐下來解決編程問題時，總有四條新消息彈出來？我沒有答案——但每個關(guān)心年輕人思維發(fā)展的人都應(yīng)該思考這些問題。
Haidt’s book, about how smartphones and social media have transformed childhood and adolescence, is scary but convincing. Its premise—that starting in the early 2010s, there was a “great rewiring” of an entire generation’s social and intellectual development—was interesting to me in part because I saw it happen in my own house. When my oldest daughter (a pediatrician who recommended the book to me) was in middle school, social media was present but not dominant. By the time my younger daughter reached adolescence six years later, being online all the time was simply part of being a pre-teen.
海特的這本書探討了智能手機(jī)和社交媒體如何改變童年與青春期，讀來令人不安卻極具說服力。書中提出的“童年大重置”（即自2010年代初起，整代人的社交與智力發(fā)展被徹底重構(gòu)）之所以引起我的共鳴，部分原因是我在自家孩子身上目睹了這一變化。當(dāng)我的大女兒（一位向我推薦此書的兒科醫(yī)生）上初中時，社交媒體雖已存在但尚未占據(jù)主導(dǎo)地位；六年后我的小女兒進(jìn)入青春期時，“永遠(yuǎn)在線”已成為青少年生活的默認(rèn)狀態(tài)。
What makes The Anxious Generation different from other books on similar topics is Haidt’s insight that we’re actually facing two distinct crises: digital under-parenting (giving kids unlimited and unsupervised access to devices and social media) and real-world over-parenting (protecting kids from every possible harm in the real world). The result is young people who are suffering from addiction-like behaviors—and suffering, period—while struggling to handle challenges and setbacks that are part of everyday life.
《焦慮的一代》與其他同類書籍的不同之處在于，海特犀利地指出我們實際上面臨雙重危機(jī)：數(shù)字放任養(yǎng)育（讓孩子無限制、無監(jiān)管地接觸設(shè)備和社交媒體）與現(xiàn)實過度保護(hù)（在現(xiàn)實世界中保護(hù)孩子遠(yuǎn)離一切潛在傷害）。其結(jié)果是一代年輕人既沉溺于類似上癮的行為，又因被剝奪處理日常挑戰(zhàn)與挫折的機(jī)會而痛苦不堪。
My childhood was marked by remarkable freedom—something that might surprise people who assume I spent all day glued to a computer indoors. I went hiking on trails that would terrify today’s parents, explored endlessly with neighborhood friends, and ran around Washington D.C. during my time as a Senate page. When I was in high school, Paul Allen and I even lived on our own for a few months in Vancouver, Washington, while working as programmers at a power company. My parents didn’t know where I was half the time, and that was normal back then. While I got hurt on some of these adventures and got in trouble on many others, these experiences were more beneficial than bad. They taught me resilience, independence, and judgment in ways that no amount of supervised, structured activity could replicate.
我的童年以驚人的自由為標(biāo)志——這或許會讓那些以為我整天宅在電腦前的人感到驚訝。我在如今家長看來堪稱危險的步道上徒步，和鄰居小伙伴無休止地探險，在擔(dān)任參議院實習(xí)生的日子里跑遍華盛頓特區(qū)。高中時期，我和保羅·艾倫甚至曾在華盛頓州溫哥華市的電力公司當(dāng)程序員，獨(dú)自生活了幾個月。我的父母有一半時間不知道我在哪兒，而那時這再正常不過。雖然在這些冒險中受過傷、闖過不少禍，但這些經(jīng)歷利遠(yuǎn)大于弊。它們教會了我韌性、獨(dú)立和判斷力，這是任何被監(jiān)督的、結(jié)構(gòu)化的活動都無法復(fù)制的。
It wasn’t all fun and games, but I had what Haidt calls a play-based childhood. Now, a phone-based childhood is much more common—a shift that predated the pandemic but solidified when screens became important tools for learning and socializing. The irony is that parents these days are overprotective in the physical world and strangely hands-off in the digital one, letting kids live life online largely without supervision.
我的童年并非只有玩樂，但它符合海特所說的“游戲式童年”。如今更常見的則是“手機(jī)式童年”——這一轉(zhuǎn)變在疫情前已現(xiàn)端倪，而當(dāng)屏幕成為學(xué)習(xí)與社交的重要工具后徹底固化。諷刺的是，如今的家長在現(xiàn)實世界過度保護(hù)，卻在數(shù)字世界異常放任，任由孩子在沒有監(jiān)管的虛擬空間生活。
The consequences are staggering. Today’s teenagers spend an average of six to eight hours per day on screen-based leisure activities—that is, not for schoolwork or homework. The real number might actually be much higher, given that a third of teenagers also say they’re on a social media site “almost constantly.” For the generation Haidt writes about, this has coincided with sharp spikes in anxiety and depression, higher rates of eating disorders and self-harm, plummeting self-esteem, and increased feelings of isolation despite more around-the-clock, on-demand connection than ever. Then there are the opportunity costs of a phone-based childhood that Haidt documents: less (and worse) sleep, less reading, less in-person socializing, less time outside, and less independence.
后果令人震驚。如今的青少年平均每天花6到8小時進(jìn)行以屏幕為主的休閑活動（不包括課業(yè)）?？紤]到三分之一的青少年自稱“幾乎不間斷”使用社交媒體，真實數(shù)字可能更高。對海特筆下的這代人而言，這與焦慮抑郁激增、飲食失調(diào)與自殘率上升、自尊心暴跌、以及盡管全天候在線卻愈發(fā)強(qiáng)烈的孤獨(dú)感同時發(fā)生。此外，海特還記錄了“手機(jī)式童年”的機(jī)會成本：睡眠更少（且質(zhì)量更差）、閱讀量下降、線下社交減少、戶外時間縮減、獨(dú)立性流失。
All of this is concerning, but I’m especially worried about the impact on critical thinking and concentrating. Our attention spans are like muscles, and the non-stop interruptions and addictive nature of social media make it incredibly difficult for them to develop. Without the ability to focus intensely and follow an idea wherever it leads, the world could miss out on breakthroughs that come from putting your mind to something and keeping it there, even when the dopamine hit of a quick distraction is one click away.
這一切都令人擔(dān)憂，但我尤其擔(dān)心其對批判性思維和專注力的影響。我們的注意力如同肌肉，而社交媒體無休止的干擾和成癮性使其難以發(fā)育。如果無法深度聚焦并跟隨某個想法探索到底，世界可能會錯過那些需要全身心投入才能實現(xiàn)的突破——即便快速分心的多巴胺快感只需點擊一次就能獲得。
Another alarming finding in the book is the significant gender divide at play here. Severe mental health challenges seem to have hit young women especially hard in recent years. Meanwhile, young men’s academic performance is worsening, their college attendance is dropping, and they’re failing to develop the social skills and resilience that come from real-world interaction and risk-taking. In other words: Girls are falling into despair while boys are falling behind.
書中另一個驚人發(fā)現(xiàn)是顯著的性別差異。近年來，嚴(yán)重的心理健康問題似乎對年輕女性的沖擊尤為劇烈。與此同時，年輕男性的學(xué)業(yè)表現(xiàn)惡化、大學(xué)入學(xué)率下降，且因缺乏現(xiàn)實互動與冒險而未能培養(yǎng)社交技能和韌性。簡言之：女孩陷入絕望，男孩正在掉隊。
The solutions Haidt proposes aren’t simple, but I think they’re needed. He makes a strong case for better age verification on social media platforms and delaying smartphone access until kids are older. Literally and figuratively, he argues, we also need to rebuild the infrastructure of childhood itself—from creating more engaging playgrounds that encourage reasonable risk-taking, to establishing phone-free zones in schools, to helping young people rediscover the joy of in-person interaction. Achieving this won’t come from individual families making better choices; it requires coordination between parents, schools, tech companies, and policymakers. It also demands more research into the effects of these technologies, and the political will to act on what we learn.
海特提出的解決方案并不簡單，但我認(rèn)為勢在必行。他有力地論證了加強(qiáng)社交媒體平臺年齡驗證、推遲青少年接觸智能手機(jī)的必要性。無論是字面還是隱喻意義上，他認(rèn)為我們需要重建童年本身的基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施——從設(shè)計鼓勵適度冒險的趣味游樂場，到在學(xué)校設(shè)立無手機(jī)區(qū)，再到幫助年輕人重拾面對面互動的快樂。實現(xiàn)這些目標(biāo)不能僅靠個別家庭做出更好選擇，而是需要家長、學(xué)校、科技公司和政策制定者的協(xié)同合作。這還要求我們加大對技術(shù)影響的研究，并基于研究成果采取行動的政治意愿。
The Anxious Generation is a must-read for anyone raising, working with, or teaching young people today. With this book, Haidt has given the world a wake-up call about where we’re headed—and a roadmap for how we can change course.
《焦慮的一代》是當(dāng)今所有養(yǎng)育、陪伴或教育年輕人者的必讀之書。通過這本書，海特為世界敲響了關(guān)于未來走向的警鐘——并提供了改變航向的路線圖。
本期策劃：Burt
編輯：蘆丁
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BD@cheerspublishing.com,
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