引用本文:中華醫(yī)學會麻醉學分會五官科麻醉學組. 經(jīng)鼻高流量吸氧在五官科麻醉氣道管理中應用專家共識(2025版)[J]. 中華醫(yī)學雜志, 2025, 105(12): 878-887. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn112137-20241015-02337.
通信作者:王古巖,首都醫(yī)科大學附屬北京同仁醫(yī)院麻醉科,北京 100730,Email:guyanwang2006@163.com
摘要
經(jīng)鼻高流量吸氧(HFNC)近年來在臨床麻醉領(lǐng)域中的應用日益廣泛,其在圍手術(shù)期氧療的可行性、有效性和安全性已逐步得到證實和認可。該技術(shù)在麻醉氣道管理方面,尤其是在處理困難氣道時,展現(xiàn)出顯著的技術(shù)進步和創(chuàng)新。五官科手術(shù)患者常見困難氣道,對氣道管理技術(shù)提出了更高要求。然而,關(guān)于HFNC在五官科麻醉氣道管理中的應用,尚缺乏明確的循證醫(yī)學證據(jù)和系統(tǒng)性指導?;趪鴥?nèi)外相關(guān)研究進展及中國臨床實踐,中華醫(yī)學會麻醉學分會五官科麻醉學組組織專家團隊制訂了本共識。本共識從理論到實操,系統(tǒng)性闡述了HFNC的生理學機制、適用場景及具體操作方法,涵蓋誘導期、術(shù)中無插管麻醉管理期、術(shù)后拔管吸氧期及特殊人群的應用等多個方面。針對不同臨床需求,共識明確了HFNC的推薦意見、禁忌證和注意事項,進一步規(guī)范其在五官科麻醉氣道管理中的應用方法,為提升圍手術(shù)期氣道管理水平提供了科學依據(jù)。本共識旨在推動HFNC技術(shù)在五官科麻醉中的規(guī)范化應用,提升患者安全性,并為未來相關(guān)臨床研究和技術(shù)推廣提供理論支持與實踐指導。
關(guān)鍵詞:麻醉;經(jīng)鼻高流量吸氧;經(jīng)鼻濕化快速充氣交換通氣技術(shù);氣道管理
氧療的首次臨床應用報道可追溯至1890年,然而,傳統(tǒng)的高流量吸氧因未對吸入氣體進行加溫和濕化處理,常導致患者鼻咽和口腔黏膜干燥,從而影響其舒適度,這一缺陷限制了高流量氧療在臨床的普及。21世紀初,經(jīng)鼻高流量吸氧(high-flow nasal cannula,HFNC)技術(shù)進入臨床,受到醫(yī)學界的廣泛關(guān)注。HFNC系統(tǒng)包括空氣和氧氣混合器、加溫加濕單元以及單回路吸氣管路,能夠精確調(diào)節(jié)吸氧濃度(21%~100%)和氣體流量(0~80 L/min),并維持吸入氣體溫度在31~37 ℃,從而提高患者的氧療依從性。經(jīng)鼻濕化快速充氣交換通氣技術(shù)(transnasal humidified rapid-insufflation ventilatory exchange,THRIVE)是一種在患者沒有自主呼吸或未建立機械通氣時,利用HFNC維持患者的氧合和一定量的CO 2清除的技術(shù)。近年來,HFNC和THRIVE技術(shù)在全身硬質(zhì)氣管鏡診療的麻醉管理和麻醉患者氣道管理中的應用日益廣泛,特別是在五官科手術(shù)麻醉中。五官科手術(shù)通常涉及頭頸部區(qū)域,困難氣道多見,常與麻醉共享氣道,要求麻醉醫(yī)師熟練掌握并創(chuàng)新氣道管理技術(shù),以保障患者圍手術(shù)期的安全、平穩(wěn)、快速、高質(zhì)量康復。中華麻醉學分會五官科麻醉學組的專家組以國內(nèi)外臨床研究進展為基礎(chǔ),結(jié)合中國的臨床實踐,經(jīng)過反復論證,形成了本共識。
一、共識制訂方法
(一)共識制訂專家組
本共識由中華醫(yī)學會麻醉學分會五官科麻醉學組發(fā)起,共識專家組由該委員會委員及相關(guān)領(lǐng)域?qū)<夜餐M成。包括臨床醫(yī)師、方法學專家和循證醫(yī)學專家。共識制訂工作于2023年10月啟動,于2024年6月定稿。
(二)共識涵蓋的范圍和目的
本共識涵蓋的臨床問題包括:HFNC的生理學機制,其用于五官科麻醉的誘導期、術(shù)中無插管麻醉管理期、術(shù)后拔管吸氧期和特殊人群中的應用。本共識旨在制訂規(guī)范的HFNC在五官科麻醉氣道管理中應用,為麻醉醫(yī)師在面對五官科手術(shù)氣道管理時,能更好地理解和應對圍手術(shù)期可能遇到的臨床問題,并提供指導性意見。
(三)共識撰寫
參考了《中國制訂/修訂臨床診療指南的指導原則(2022)版》 [ 1 ] 的制訂流程及方法學標準。通過廣泛檢索和評價國內(nèi)外相關(guān)研究證據(jù),結(jié)合臨床實際需求,共同起草并議定相關(guān)推薦意見,依據(jù)指南研究與評價工具(appraisal of guidelines for research and evaluation Ⅱ,AGREE Ⅱ) [ 2 ] 和衛(wèi)生保健實踐指南的報告條目(reporting items for practice guidelines in healthcare,RIGHT) [ 3 ] 撰寫全文。
(四)證據(jù)的檢索、評價與分級
1. 英文文獻檢索:數(shù)據(jù)庫為Pubmed、Embase和Cochrane,檢索詞為“THRIVE”“transnasal humidified rapid insufflation ventilator exchange”“humidified high flow oxygen therapy”“HFNC”“high-flow nasal cannula”“nasal high-flow oxygen therapy”“high-flow oxygen therapy”“HFNO”和“tubeless anesthesia”“anesthesia”“general anesthesia”“microlaryngeal surgery”“perioperative”“obesity”“apnea”“apneic”“operation”“othorhinolarygnology anesthesia”,以AND和OR組合。
2. 中文文獻檢索:數(shù)據(jù)庫為中國知網(wǎng)、萬方數(shù)據(jù)庫、維普數(shù)據(jù)庫,使用”經(jīng)鼻濕化快速充氣交換通氣技術(shù)”“經(jīng)鼻高流量吸氧”“高流量氧療”高流量濕化氧療”“快充式經(jīng)鼻濕化高流量通氣”“加溫濕化高流量鼻導管””耳鼻喉手術(shù)麻醉”“無插管麻醉”“氣道管理”“窒息氧合技術(shù)”進行檢索補充。
檢索時間為建庫到2024年6月。排除標準為動物實驗、體外實驗以及與HFNC和THRIVE無關(guān)的研究。
以文獻分析為基礎(chǔ),對設(shè)計嚴謹且研究質(zhì)量較高的文獻進行總結(jié)分析,共識的推薦意見依據(jù)最高等級的研究數(shù)據(jù)制訂,并參考循證醫(yī)學證據(jù)分級標準 [ 4 ] 。結(jié)合專家組一致意見,將證據(jù)質(zhì)量劃分為高、中、低三個等級,同時將推薦強度分為強、中、弱三個層級進行評價( 表1 )。通過共識制訂會議法,初步形成共識草案,隨后由全體專家組成員進行討論和評估,并對內(nèi)容進行進一步修訂,以確保推薦意見具有較高的一致性,最后經(jīng)核心組專家成員審閱后定稿。

二、HFNC與THRIVE的生理學機制
(一)HFNC的生理學機制
1. 呼氣末正壓效應:HFNC通過對氣道輸送恒定高流速氣體而使氣道內(nèi)產(chǎn)生低呼氣末正壓。對于正常體型的成人,HFNC產(chǎn)生的口咽部壓力隨著流量增加呈線性增加 [ 5 ] ,張口狀態(tài)產(chǎn)生的壓力小于閉口狀態(tài) [ 6 ] ,同樣流速對女性口咽部產(chǎn)生的壓力小于男性 [ 7 ] ,流速80 L/min以內(nèi),HFNC提供的正壓不超過10 cmH 2O(1 cmH 2O=0.098 kPa)。不論是自主呼吸還是呼吸暫停的患者,HFNC均不增加胃內(nèi)容量 [ 8 , 9 ] 。同時,HFNC產(chǎn)生的低呼氣末正壓可維持肺泡開放,增加呼氣末肺容積 [10] ,產(chǎn)生肺復張效應 [ 10 , 11 ] 。
2. 死腔沖刷效應:終末細支氣管以上只參與氣體運輸不參與氣體交換的氣道為解剖無效腔,成人容積大約150 ml,鼻咽喉所組成解剖無效腔約50 ml,解剖無效腔的存在可導致上氣道CO2重復吸收,降低肺泡通氣量。HFNC通過提供高速氣流,沖刷呼氣末殘留在解剖無效腔的氣體,降低CO2的重吸收,增加肺泡通氣量 [ 12 , 13 ] 。
3. 恒溫恒濕、維持黏液纖毛系統(tǒng)功能:HFNC為患者提供恒溫恒濕氣體,增加黏膜濕度,符合生理狀態(tài)下呼吸道的氣體溫度及濕度,降低干冷氣體對上下呼吸道黏液纖毛功能和黏膜的影響[ 13-15 ],提高患者舒適度[ 15 , 16 ],保護黏膜及纖毛轉(zhuǎn)運系統(tǒng)功能 [ 10 ]。
4. 減少上呼吸道阻力和呼吸功:常規(guī)呼吸時鼻咽腔通過提供較大的表面積對吸入氣體進行濕化和溫化,同時吸入氣體之間的摩擦會對氣流產(chǎn)生明顯的阻力 [ 13 ] 。HFNC可提供高流速、恒溫、恒濕氣體,患者無需在吸氣時用力吸氣及消耗能量即對吸入氣體加溫加濕,減少呼吸功 [ 16 ] 。此外,HFNC提供超過患者所需的吸氣峰流速的氣體,減少吸氣時空氣的稀釋作用,保證精確的吸入氧濃度,有利于改善患者氧合 [ 10 ] 。
(二)THRIVE的生理學機制
THRIVE技術(shù)最早于2015年由Patel和Nouraei [ 17 ] 提出,THRIVE是指患者在沒有自主呼吸和機械通氣的狀態(tài)下應用HFNC,以維持患者氧合和CO 2清除 [ 17-19 ] 。THRIVE除了具備HFNC的生理學機制外,還包括以下機制:
1. 無呼吸氧合:由于血液中氧氣和CO 2溶解度的顯著不同,血紅蛋白對氧氣的親和力較高,氧氣以250 ml/min速度從肺泡中被攝取,而在非通氣的情況下,血液中的緩沖系統(tǒng)和CO 2高溶解性使得CO 2以約10 ml/min釋放回肺泡,肺泡內(nèi)壓力低于大氣壓,肺泡內(nèi)負壓使得氣體從咽部流入肺泡,從而允許在無自主呼吸和無機械通氣的時候維持一定的氧合作用 [ 18 , 20 , 21 ] 。HNFC通過向氣道持續(xù)輸送高流量高濃度氧氣,實現(xiàn)患者無呼吸運動狀態(tài)下的持續(xù)氧合。
2. 心臟的振動及聲門上氣體渦流與強湍流相互作用:高流速氣體破壞層流使得流場中出現(xiàn)許多小漩渦而形成湍流,湍流可改善氣體混合,增加氣體交換速率 [ 6 , 22 , 23 ] 。心源性震蕩是由心臟活動引起的氣體運動,氣道壓力、流量波形隨心動周期規(guī)律性波動,從渦旋中產(chǎn)生的渦流被引至氣管,增強了聲門下方的氣體混合。大量氣體的流動可清除死腔,高流量的氣體和心源性震蕩所產(chǎn)生的聲門上氣體渦流與強湍流相互作用,增加了CO 2清除 [ 9 ] 。
三、HFNC與THRIVE在五官科麻醉中的臨床應用
HFNC近幾年在圍手術(shù)期的應用研究廣泛 [ 24 ] ,從已預料困難氣道的處理,到應用于各種特殊患者的預給氧、短小手術(shù)的無插管麻醉管理及全身麻醉術(shù)后的呼吸支持等。HFNC/THRIVE在五官科麻醉中的應用主要包括以下幾個方面:
(一)全身麻醉誘導期
1. 誘導期氧合策略:麻醉誘導期包括預充氧階段和無呼吸氧合階段,去氮給氧的目的是提高患者肺內(nèi)氧氣儲備,延長患者耐受缺氧時間,為麻醉誘導后建立氣道提供充足的操作時間,即安全窒息時間。無呼吸氧合是指在麻醉誘導后無通氣的情況下,提供補充性氧合延長安全窒息時間。困難氣道在五官科手術(shù)中比較常見,口、咽、喉部病變常常改變正常解剖結(jié)構(gòu),常使面罩通氣與氣管插管過程變得復雜而不可預知,一旦氣管內(nèi)插管時間延長或面罩通氣困難,患者面臨缺氧甚至窒息危險,因此,延長安全窒息時間對于困難氣道的處理具有重要意義。
2. HFNC的應用優(yōu)勢:麻醉誘導常采用緊扣面罩預充氧方式,部分患者存在憋悶、恐懼等不適感,采用HFNC預充氧對于麻醉醫(yī)師而言操作更為方便,且可提高患者舒適度 [ 15 ] 。對于巨大面部腫物、唇部腫物等無法面罩通氣的患者,HFNC可作為麻醉誘導期間的有效氧合方式 [ 25 , 26 ] 。研究表明,以吸氧3 min后呼氣末氧濃度≥90%為預充氧目標,HFNC僅作為預給氧技術(shù)給氧效率不如傳統(tǒng)面罩 [ 27-29 ] ,但將預充氧技術(shù)(使用HFNC)與無呼吸氧合技術(shù)(使用THRIVE)結(jié)合,在插管期可持續(xù)供氧,有效提高插管后呼氣末氧分壓水平 [ 25 ] ,顯著延長患者安全窒息時間 [ 30 ] 。
3. HFNC的應用場景:五官科困難氣道多見,保留自主呼吸的氣管內(nèi)插管是處理已知困難氣道的一線方案和核心技能,麻醉偏淺時患者難以耐受,麻醉偏深時患者易發(fā)生呼吸抑制而缺氧,因此,保留自主呼吸的氣管內(nèi)插管時維持患者氧合亦十分重要。困難氣道插管指南推薦使用HFNC作為傳統(tǒng)氧合技術(shù)的最佳替代方案 [ 31 ] ,在清醒纖維支氣管鏡引導氣管插管過程中使用HFNC,可改善患者氧合和舒適度,降低缺氧發(fā)生風險 [ 32-35 ] 。
隨著社會老齡化,老年患者發(fā)生眼、耳、鼻、喉疾病的概率不斷增加,老年患者口腔周圍肌肉萎縮,缺牙引起面部形態(tài)改變,導致面罩密閉通氣存在困難,HFNC可用于老年患者在全身麻醉誘導前預充氧 [ 36 ] 。
急診患者常因禁食水時間不夠、胃排空障礙,胃內(nèi)容物的反流誤吸風險高,需避免面罩加壓給氧,同時缺氧是急診手術(shù)在麻醉誘導期最為嚴重并發(fā)癥之一。對于需要快速誘導插管的患者,有證據(jù)表明 [ 30 , 37 , 38 ] ,THRIVE可以為氣管插管操作提供更長的安全窒息時間,保證足夠氧合水平,提高首次氣管插管成功率。THRIVE將緊急插管和困難插管從緊張的過程轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)槠椒€(wěn)而從容的工作。
推薦意見1:對于一般患者,不推薦將HFNC替代面罩給氧作為常規(guī)氣管插管的預充氧技術(shù)(證據(jù)質(zhì)量:高;推薦等級:強)。對于無法面罩通氣或面罩通氣效果不佳患者,推薦在誘導期使用HFNC(證據(jù)質(zhì)量:中;推薦等級:強)。對于困難氣道,推薦在保留自主呼吸氣管內(nèi)插管時使用HFNC(證據(jù)質(zhì)量:高;推薦等級:強)。推薦在快速序貫誘導時應用THRIVE(證據(jù)質(zhì)量:高;推薦等級:中)。
(二)術(shù)中氣道通氣管理
咽喉顯微外科手術(shù)術(shù)中傳統(tǒng)通氣模式為氣管插管,氣管導管遮擋手術(shù)視野,同時較小病變可因氣管導管遮擋而被忽略。生理學理論依據(jù)證明 [ 31 , 39 ] ,THRIVE能夠使美國麻醉醫(yī)師學會(American Society of Anesthesiologists,ASA)Ⅰ/Ⅱ級且體質(zhì)指數(shù)(body mass index,BMI)<30 kg/m 2 的患者在30 min內(nèi)保持良好的氧合狀態(tài)及穩(wěn)定的pH值。THRIVE 于2015年首次被應用于咽喉手術(shù) [ 17 ] 。在咽喉顯微外科手術(shù)術(shù)中使用THRIVE [ 40-43 ] ,可擴大術(shù)者視野從而對病變范圍進行更好地判斷,在手術(shù)期間將血氧維持在安全范圍內(nèi),并縮短手術(shù)時間、麻醉維持和麻醉蘇醒時間,提高術(shù)者滿意度。對于聲門或聲門下狹窄的患者使用THRIVE,雖然進入肺部氣體減少,但仍可在一定時間內(nèi)保證手術(shù)通氣安全性 [ 44-46 ] 。現(xiàn)有文獻表明,僅用THRIVE作為單一通氣模式就可以完成可視喉鏡下環(huán)杓關(guān)節(jié)脫位復位術(shù) [ 47 ] 、聲帶息肉切除術(shù) [ 48 , 49 ] 、氣道異物取出術(shù) [ 50 ] 、甲狀腺切除術(shù) [ 51 ] 、食管異物取出術(shù) [ 52 ] 。
共用氣道手術(shù)的氣道管理給麻醉醫(yī)師帶來巨大挑戰(zhàn),術(shù)中應保證足夠的麻醉深度和氧合水平,應用無插管麻醉可以提供無遮擋的手術(shù)視野。HFNC已被證實可以安全用于保留自主呼吸的靜脈麻醉中,減少成人和小兒患者的缺氧事件發(fā)生 [ 53 , 54 ] 。對于成人和小兒患者接受短小共用氣道手術(shù)如聲帶囊腫、氣管造口等,保留自主呼吸的靜脈無插管麻醉,應用HFNC可有效保證術(shù)中氧合 [ 55-57 ] ;同時,為滿足手術(shù)條件需保證肌松強度,應用THRIVE可延長安全窒息時間長達30 min,提供良好通氣的同時不占用氣道空間 [ 44 , 58-63 ] 。小兒喉乳頭狀瘤切除術(shù)術(shù)中拔除氣管導管進行后聯(lián)合和聲門下操作時,應用THRIVE可以保證氧合水平,減少插管次數(shù)與手術(shù)時間 [ 64 ] 。
推薦意見2:咽喉顯微外科手術(shù)中使用保留自主呼吸的靜脈麻醉時,推薦應用HFNC改善氧合(證據(jù)質(zhì)量:中;推薦等級:中)。THRIVE可作為單一或者輔助通氣策略用于非激光共用氣道手術(shù)或短小外科手術(shù)術(shù)中,延長安全窒息時間(證據(jù)質(zhì)量:高;推薦等級:中)。
(三)全身麻醉拔管后吸氧期
全身麻醉患者拔管后由于呼吸系統(tǒng)病理生理學改變,易發(fā)生肺不張、呼吸衰竭等并發(fā)癥,常規(guī)于拔管后吸氧以避免再次氣管內(nèi)插管。術(shù)前困難氣道患者拔管后緊急情況下的再插管失敗率較高。低氧血癥是全身麻醉蘇醒期最常見的并發(fā)癥之一,HFNC已被證實用于重癥監(jiān)護病房氣管拔管時可改善患者氧合,降低低氧血癥和再次插管發(fā)生率 [ 65-67 ] 。有證據(jù)表明,全身麻醉拔管后應用HFNC可降低舌后墜和低氧血癥發(fā)生率,縮短術(shù)后恢復室停留時間 [ 68 ] ,減少腹部手術(shù)術(shù)后肺部并發(fā)癥 [ 69 ] 。
五官科手術(shù)患者中術(shù)后呼吸道不良事件高?;颊弑壤^高。包括慢性鼻竇炎患者伴發(fā)哮喘概率較高,急診眼外傷患兒和腺樣體扁桃體切除術(shù)患兒術(shù)前有反復上呼吸道感染史,喉癌患者多為重度吸煙患者,急診食管異物取出術(shù)患者多為高齡。對于高?;颊咝g(shù)后使用HFNC可降低術(shù)后呼吸道不良事件和再插管率 [ 70 , 71 ] 。肥胖患者拔管后使用HFNC進行氧療,可減少術(shù)后肺部并發(fā)癥,縮短住院時間 [ 72 , 73 ] 。氣管狹窄、喉癌、頸部膿腫、雙側(cè)聲帶麻痹、急性會厭炎患者常需術(shù)中氣管切開,對氣管切開患者使用HFNC時不能明顯改善其氧合 [ 74 ] 。
推薦意見3:對于術(shù)后呼吸道不良事件的高危(如高齡、兒童、肥胖、合并呼吸道疾?。┗颊呓ㄗh術(shù)后使用HFNC,以減少低氧血癥和再插管率(證據(jù)質(zhì)量:高;推薦等級:中)。
(四)特殊人群
低氧血癥是患兒麻醉相關(guān)并發(fā)癥的主要原因。與成人相比,兒童由于基礎(chǔ)代謝率高、功能殘氣量小,低氧血癥發(fā)生更早,安全窒息時間較短,耐受缺氧能力更差,且呈年齡依賴性 [ 64 , 75 ] 。THRIVE可用于新生兒與小兒患者插管時維持氧合并提高首次插管成功率 [ 19 , 76 , 77 ] ,對于0~10歲的患兒使用1~2 L·kg -1·min -1的THRIVE,可延長患兒安全窒息時間,最長至10 min [ 64 , 75 , 78-81 ] 。在小兒上氣道手術(shù)必需無插管麻醉時,THRIVE作為窒息氧合技術(shù)不減少因低氧導致的手術(shù)中斷率 [ 82 ] 。
肥胖患者的呼吸力學和通氣換氣生理過程發(fā)生了改變,大量脂肪堆積在面部、頸部等可導致面罩通氣、氣道暴露困難風險增加;此外,胸壁順應性較差,功能殘氣量減低,而且肥胖患者耗氧量增加,安全窒息時間短,導致肥胖患者在麻醉誘導期間即使給予完善的預充氧,仍可在呼吸暫停后迅速出現(xiàn)低氧血癥。肥胖患者預充氧或延長安全窒息時間方案尚無金標準,HFNC作為預充氧技術(shù)并不降低肥胖患者插管前階段的低氧血癥發(fā)生率 [ 83 , 84 ] 。但THRIVE可以為非困難氣道肥胖和病態(tài)肥胖患者提供更長安全窒息時間和更高的最低動脈血氧飽和度,插管后恢復基線血氧飽和度時間更短 [ 85-88 ] 。使用THRIVE時高BMI患者比正常BMI患者去氧合速度更快,肥胖患者使用THRIVE的安全窒息時間5~18 min。
推薦意見4:低齡兒童(<10歲)與肥胖患者圍手術(shù)期低氧血癥發(fā)生風險高,在麻醉誘導時,建議插管期間使用THRIVE進行持續(xù)氧合(證據(jù)質(zhì)量:高;推薦等級:中)。
四、HFNC與THRIVE的禁忌證與注意事項
(一)禁忌證
1. 絕對禁忌證:上呼吸道完全阻塞;顱底骨折或鼻骨骨折;拒絕使用HFNC/THRIVE的患者;氣胸或縱隔積氣;心跳呼吸暫停需進行有創(chuàng)機械通氣患者;極重度Ⅰ型呼吸衰竭:氧合指數(shù)(arterial partial pressure of oxygen to fraction of inspired oxygen ratio,PaO 2/FiO 2)<60 mmHg(1 mmHg=0.133 kPa);嚴重CO 2潴留(pH值<7.15)。
2. 相對禁忌證:重度Ⅰ型呼吸衰竭(PaO 2/FiO 2<100 mmHg);通氣功能障礙(pH值<7.25);不能配合或者不耐受患者;氣道保護功能差、誤吸高風險患者;氣道分泌物多且無排痰能力;矛盾呼吸運動;可預計的術(shù)中氣道出血高風險患者。
(二)注意事項
1. CO 2蓄積:使用THRIVE期間,需要注意CO 2的蓄積,THRIVE使用的最大安全時長因CO 2過高和呼吸性酸中毒而受限。人體可耐受短時間的呼吸性酸中毒,但高碳酸血癥可引起心腦血管抑制和CO 2麻醉。對于小兒患者,無呼吸時使用THRIVE時CO 2增加速度范圍為2.4~4.1 mmHg/min [ 64 , 75 , 69-79 ] ,THRIVE是否增加小兒的CO 2清除率暫無統(tǒng)一結(jié)論。成人消除CO 2能力比兒童高,對于呼吸暫停的成人患者,使用THRIVE時CO 2增加速率范圍為1.2~2.8 mmHg/min [ 88 , 89 , 90 ] ,成人在呼吸暫停后無論是否使用THRIVE,其第1分鐘CO 2增加速率最快(>10 mmHg/min) [ 89 , 91 ] 。雖然理論上,THRIVE可以增加CO 2清除率,但目前有限的研究表明,不同流量時的THRIVE的CO 2增加速率無差異,THRIVE對CO 2清除沒有優(yōu)勢 [ 88 , 89 ] 。經(jīng)皮CO 2為代替動脈血CO 2最為準確的無創(chuàng)檢測手段 [ 92 ] ,可較好地反映PaCO 2,但PaCO 2超過75 mmHg后,經(jīng)皮CO 2值比實際值偏高 [ 93 ] 。
推薦意見5:在使用HFNC/THRIVE時,應全程監(jiān)測CO 2水平,當所監(jiān)測到的CO 2水平超出安全范圍時,應立即停止使用HFNC/THRIVE,并改為面罩加壓給氧或機械通氣等替代方式。(證據(jù)質(zhì)量:高;推薦等級:強)
2. 氣道著火:在使用HFNC進行通氣氧合的過程中,高氧環(huán)境下使用激光或電刀可能導致氧氣燃燒,對患者和術(shù)中均存在安全隱患 [ 94 ] 。在支撐喉手術(shù)中使用THRIVE時,關(guān)閉氧氣40 s后或?qū)⒀鯘舛冉抵?0% 10 s后再使用激光未發(fā)生氣道著火事件 [ 95 ] 。
推薦意見6:在激光或電刀操作時應盡量避免使用HFNC,如需使用,至少降低氧濃度為30%(證據(jù)質(zhì)量:低;推薦等級:強)。
五、展望
HFNC/THRIVE在圍手術(shù)期使用的可行性、有效性和安全性逐漸被證實和認同,其對于麻醉氣道管理,特別是困難氣道的管理是一種技術(shù)的推動和革新,但在五官科圍手術(shù)期的應用和研究仍處于早期階段,尤其是在以下方面尚需進一步探索:THRIVE 技術(shù)針對五官科特殊人群(如有困難氣道的肥胖患者、阻塞性睡眠暫停綜合征及兒童患者)的應用;兒童患者最大安全窒息時間的研究,深麻醉下拔管作為通氣策略的可行性及有效性評估;以及特殊手術(shù)患者的氣道管理策略改進。這些領(lǐng)域亟須大樣本、隨機對照試驗提供循證醫(yī)學依據(jù),以促進HFNC/THRIVE技術(shù)在臨床中的規(guī)范化應用。
(一)特殊人群中的應用挑戰(zhàn)
阻塞性睡眠呼吸暫停綜合征是一種常見的與睡眠相關(guān)的呼吸障礙性疾病,腭咽成形術(shù)患者上呼吸道因咽部脂肪堆積、解剖結(jié)構(gòu)異常而且較為狹窄,存在面罩通氣困難和氣管插管困難 [ 96 ] ,全身麻醉后肥大舌體后墜,氣道括約肌張力減少、順應性降低,使得上呼吸道塌陷而容易出現(xiàn)上呼吸道梗阻,在麻醉誘導和拔管后均易出現(xiàn)完全氣道阻塞的緊急情況;同時此類患者多合并病態(tài)肥胖,功能殘氣量下降、氧耗增加,與體型正常患者比較,其安全窒息時間明顯縮短。THRIVE是否可以減少此類患者誘導過程中與拔管后的低氧血癥發(fā)生率值得進一步研究。小兒腺樣體扁桃體切除術(shù)、圍手術(shù)期氣道并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率較高 [ 97 ] ,合適的拔管時機十分關(guān)鍵,拔管過早時可能因上呼吸道肌肉張力未恢復而發(fā)生低氧血癥,拔管過晚可因患兒恢復意識導致嗆咳、喉痙攣等并發(fā)癥。
(二)特殊類型手術(shù)患者的氣道管理問題
對于眼部手術(shù)、聲帶手術(shù)如脂肪注射術(shù)、頸部手術(shù)的患者,麻醉拔管期間出現(xiàn)咳嗽、嗆咳、屏氣和肌緊張可能導致顱內(nèi)壓和眼壓升高的生理變化,帶來災難性后果,HFNC用于此類患者的深麻醉下拔管是否可以促進此類患者平穩(wěn)拔管值得進一步研究。
綜上,本共識基于當前的證據(jù)和最佳臨床實踐,提出了前述指導意見。隨著循證醫(yī)學證據(jù)的不斷積累,本共識將定期進行更新與優(yōu)化,以期為臨床提供更加全面和精準的指導。共識形成之后,仍需積極倡導和實施綜合管理策略,并著力強化關(guān)鍵領(lǐng)域內(nèi)的多學科合作,以確保共識的建議能夠得到有效執(zhí)行。本共識僅代表參與編寫及討論專家的觀點。共識內(nèi)容僅用于指導相關(guān)領(lǐng)域臨床實踐,不具有法律約束性質(zhì)。共識內(nèi)容是該領(lǐng)域的階段性認識,今后會根據(jù)新的臨床證據(jù)隨時更新。
本共識制訂專家組成員
執(zhí)筆者:王古巖、雷桂玉(首都醫(yī)科大學附屬北京同仁醫(yī)院麻醉科)
共識編寫組成員(按照姓氏漢語拼音排序):程慶好(應急總醫(yī)院麻醉科);杜立宏(鞍山市中心醫(yī)院麻醉科);弓勝凱(鄭州大學第一附屬醫(yī)院麻醉科);官學海(廣西醫(yī)科大學第一附屬醫(yī)院麻醉科);韓園(復旦大學眼耳鼻喉科醫(yī)院麻醉科);李旭(中國醫(yī)學科學院北京協(xié)和醫(yī)院麻醉科);李宏(天津武警特色醫(yī)學中心麻醉科);劉煒烽(福建醫(yī)科大學附屬第二醫(yī)院麻醉科);蘇少飛(首都醫(yī)科大學附屬北京婦產(chǎn)醫(yī)院中心實驗室);涂遠艷(廣東省東莞市婦幼保健院麻醉科);唐玲玲(云南省第三人民醫(yī)院麻醉科);譚文斐(中國醫(yī)科大學附屬第一醫(yī)院麻醉科);吳多志(海南省人民醫(yī)院麻醉科);吳震(華中科技大學同濟醫(yī)學院附屬同濟醫(yī)院麻醉科);王本福(溫州醫(yī)科大學附屬眼視光醫(yī)院麻醉科);王維(火箭軍特色醫(yī)學中心麻醉科);奚春花(首都醫(yī)科大學附屬北京同仁醫(yī)院麻醉科);肖鋒(中南大學湘雅二醫(yī)院麻醉科);謝紅(陸軍軍醫(yī)大學第二附屬醫(yī)院麻醉科);郁蔥(重慶醫(yī)科大學附屬口腔醫(yī)院麻醉科);楊旭東(北京大學口腔醫(yī)院麻醉科);殷文淵(上海交通大學醫(yī)學院附屬仁濟醫(yī)院麻醉科);周明(喀什地區(qū)第一人民醫(yī)院麻醉科);鄭艷萍(江西省南昌市第三醫(yī)院麻醉科);張慶(合肥市第二人民醫(yī)院麻醉科)
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[97]中華醫(yī)學會麻醉學分會小兒麻醉學組,中華醫(yī)學會麻醉學分會器官移植麻醉學組,中國心胸血管麻醉學會日間手術(shù)麻醉分會. 兒童麻醉評估與圍手術(shù)期風險預測中國專家共識(2024版)[J]. 中華醫(yī)學雜志, 2024,104(29):2688-2700. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn112137-20231117-01125 .
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